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Antarctic Bottom Water
The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from -0.8 to 2 °C (31 °F), salinities from 34.6 to 34.7 psu. Being the densest water mass of the World Ocean, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level. The major significance of Antarctic bottom water is that it is the coldest bottom water, giving it a significant influence on the movement of the world's oceans. Antarctic bottom water also has a high oxygen content relative to the rest of the oceans' deep waters. This is due to the oxidation of deteriorating organic content in the rest of the deep oceans. Antarctic bottom water has thus been considered the ''ventilation of the deep ocean.''
==Formation and circulation==
Antarctic bottom water is created in part due to the major overturning of ocean water.
Antarctic bottom water is formed in the Weddell and Ross Seas, off the Adélie Coast and by Cape Darnley from surface water cooling in polynyas and below the ice shelf. A unique feature of Antarctic bottom water is the cold surface wind blowing off the Antarctic continent.〔Massom, R., Michael, K., Harris, P.T., Potter, M.J., 1998. The distribution and formative processes of latent heat polynyas in East Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology 27, 420-426.〕 The surface wind creates the polynyas which opens up the water surface to more wind. This Antarctic wind is stronger during the winter months and thus the Antarctic bottom water formation is more pronounced during the Antarctic winter season. Surface water is enriched in salt from sea ice formation. Due to its increased density, it flows down the Antarctic continental margin and continues north along the bottom. It is the densest water in the free ocean, and underlies other bottom and intermediate waters throughout most of the southern hemisphere. The Weddell Sea Bottom Water is the densest component of the Antarctic bottom water.
Evidence indicates that Antarctic bottom water production through the Holocene (last 10,000 years) is not in a steady-state condition,〔Broecker, W. S., Peacock, S. L., Walker, S., Weiss, R., Fahrbach, E., Schroeder, M., Mikolajewicz, U., Heinze, C., Key, R., Peng, T. H., Rubin, S., 1998. How much deep water is formed in the Southern Ocean? Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (C8), 15833-15843.〕 that is to say that bottom water production sites shift along the Antarctic margin over decade to century timescales as conditions for the existence of polynas change. For example, the calving of the Mertz Glacier, which occurred on 12–13 February 2010, dramatically changed the environment for producing bottom water, reducing export by up to 23% in the region of Adelie Land.〔Kusahara, K., Hasumi, H., Williams, G.D., 2011. Impact of the Mertz Glacier Tongue calving on dense water formation and export. Nature Communications 2.〕 Evidence from sediment cores, containing layers of cross-bedded sediments indicating phases of stronger bottom currents, collected on the Mac.Robertson shelf 〔Harris, P.T., 2000. Ripple cross-laminated sediments on the East Antarctic shelf: evidence for episodic bottom water production during the Holocene? Marine Geology 170, 317-330.〕 and Adélie Land〔Harris, P.T., Brancolini, G., Armand, L., Busetti, M., Beaman, R.J., Giorgetti, G., Prestie, M., Trincardi, F., 2001. Continental shelf drift deposit indicates non-steady state Antarctic bottom water production in the Holocene. Marine Geology 179, 1-8.〕 suggests that they have switched "on" and "off" again as important bottom water production sites over the last several thousand years.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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